The Bonizzoni and Street groups at UA received joint funding from the National Science Foundation on their proposal to use spontaneous heterogeneity in metal nanoparticle populations grown in the presence of various anionic analytes to qualitative detection of common organic pollutants via rapid and inexpensive electrochemical detection (NSF Award #2404135). This exploratory "high risk - high reward" proposal was funded by NSF for two years through the EAGER mechanism.​

​UA News and the College of Arts and Sciences featured our work on the ultrasensitive detection of heavy metals that has recently appeared in Advanced Functional Materials. The interview and writeup provide a nice summary of the work for the general public. We are grateful for the honor and for their work!

Heavy metal pollution threatens human, animal, and ecosystem health. Exposure to heavy metals has been linked to neurological disease, organ failure, and cancer, so methods for their rapid and simple detection are a scientific and technological priority. The Bonizzoni research group in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at UA have recently published an article on the ultrasensitive detection of metal ions in seawater. The work was published in Advanced Functional Materials, a top-tier science journal reporting high-impact research in materials science (2020 IF 18.8).
Dr. Michael Ihde, who was a graduate student in our group when this work was carried out, led a collaboration with the Azoulay polymer synthesis group at the University of Southern Mississippi. He worked closely with Dr. Joshua Tropp (also a graduate student at the time), and with the Shiller trace metal detection group at Stennis Space Center. The collaborative work resulted in a new method for low-cost and rapid detection of multiple heavy metal pollutants at extremely low concentrations.
The work combined the multivariate array sensing methods developed in the Bonizzoni group with highly emissive conjugated fluorene polyelectrolytes, developed in the Azoulay group and decorated with strong metal binding groups. The work also greatly benefited from the Shiller group's genuine environmental sample collected from the Gulf of Mexico and expertise in trace metal detection techniques.
Michael has since completed his PhD at UA and, after spending a year as a visiting assistant professor at Hamilton College, has accepted a faculty position at Williams College starting in Fall 2022. Josh graduate from USM in Fall 2020 and is currently a postdoctoral fellow in the Rivnay research group at Northwestern University.

Yichun Yuan, a MS student in our group, graduated today! Yichun worked on the synthesis and characterization of ligand-modified coumarin enamines for transition metal binding, in collaboration with theWallace group at the University of Southern Mississippi. Yichun will move to the PhD program at Case Western Reserve University in Fall 2023. Congratulations Yichun!

We recently published one last portion from Dr. Yifei Xu's dissertation work on the discrimination of beta-lactam antibiotics in water. This paper was recently published in a special issue of the journal Sensors dedicated to sensors and applications in diagnostics, food and environmental analysis. Yifei, a recent PhD graduate from our group, had previously published a method for discrimination and quantitation of carboxylates in neutral water. Expanding on that work, she was able to develop a method to discriminate carboxylate-containing antibiotics in water media. Widespread abuse of antibiotics (e.g. added to animal feed to improve growth rates, or prescribed in excess) leads to a reduction in their efficacy, and may harm the environment. Yifei's rapid optical chemical sensing method detects very common beta-lactam antibiotics in the penicillin and cephalosporin families in water. This work was also featured in a press release by the Alabama Water Institute. Congratulations Yifei!​

Our work on the detection and qualitative discrimination of ion pairs using a coumarin-based receptor and excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) has been published in Inorganic Chemistry. This work describes the results of structural studies (X-ray, NMR) on an ESIPT-capable ligand upon metal binding, including the influence of the metal's counter-anion. We describe the origin of the observed significant Stokes shifts (ca. 225 nm) and lower-energy fluorescence emission (ca. 575 nm) upon metal binding, and the role of the metal's counteranion to induce deprotonation of the ligand. These ligands displayed markedly different behavior toward the considered ion pairs, behaving as dual-channel fluorescent sensors whose response could be harnessed through pattern-based recognition for simultaneous analytical discrimination of metal ions and anions alike.

Yifei Xu, a PhD student in our group, successfully defended her dissertation today! In our group, Yifei developed several differential sensing applications, centering on the detection and discrimination of anions in water media (e.g. biological carboxylates, beta-lactam antibiotics). Yifei was also the first in our group to move her sensor systems to low-cost disposable solid supports, to improve their performance and application-friendliness. Yifei is now off to a position as a Senior QA Chemist at a drug manufacturing company in her native China. Congratulations Dr. Xu!

Yifei Xu, a fifth-year graduate student in our group, published a method for discrimination and quantitation of carboxylates in water at pH 7.4. Separation is carried out by a fluorescent sensor assembled from a dendritic polymer (PAMAM G5) and organic fluorescent dyes (Sensors 2021, 21, 3637); linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to differentiate 10 similar carboxylates with a LOD around 100 μM, with excellent structural identification and good concentration sensitivity, an uncommon feat for a pattern-based sensing system. This work was also featured in a press release by the Alabama Water Institute. Congratulations Yifei!​

Yichun Yuan, a first-year student in our group, held her first meeting with her graduate dissertation committee this morning. Yichun presented her work on functionalization of PAMAM dendrimers with boronic acids with different substitution patterns, and her plans for her future work in our group. Congratulations, Yichun!

Our recent collaboration with the Papish and Kim groups at UA, and others, has been published in Inorganic Chemistry. Our contribution to this work related to the photophysics of these ruthenium - diimine complexes, namely measuring the energies of the 3MLCT excited state through steady state luminescence experiments on the protonated vs. deprotonated metal complexes. The work also relates this energetic change to the mechanism of formation of singlet oxygen, which results in the complexes' cytotoxicity and use as anti-cancer agents.

Michael Ihde, a PhD student in our group, successfully defended his dissertation today! His work in our group focused on the development of our understanding of supramolecular interactions as used in differential sensing applications. In his work, Michael contributed to the development of array-based sensing systems for multiple classes of analytes, including metal ions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and industrial dyes. He also made significant progress towards solving the "problem of mixtures", i.e. a common shortcoming of such sensing systems when confronted with mixtures of analytes. Congratulations Dr. Ihde!

Michael Ihde and Dr. Bonizzoni both presented talks at the Bays and Bayous Symposium, supported by the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, on analytical approaches to contaminants in high-salinity environments (intracoastal brackish waters, seawater, the Gulf). The symposium transitioned online due to COVID restrictions.

​Pattern-based chemical recognition systems often struggle with mixtures of analytes: even if a system is trained to recognize two pure compounds, its response to their mixtures may not be directly predictable. This hinders the application of these sensing systems, giving rise to the "problem of mixtures". In our  manuscript accepted by Analytical Chemistry Michael Ihde, a graduate student in our group, reported on a general approach and conditions leading to predictable response to mixtures of trained-for analytes. We also applied our approach to the pattern-based detection of metal ions, which often occur in mixtures. This will hopefully open promising further applications of these systems. 

​Yichun Yuan joined our group as a new graduate student. Yichun graduated with a BEng from Beijing University of Chemical Technology and a MS from Case Western Reserve University, then briefly worked as a research assistant at the University of Akron after deciding to continue her studies towards a PhD with us. Yichun will focus on the study of covalent modification of PAMAM dendrimers. We are excited for her to come onboard and to bring further synthetic polymer chemistry experience to the group. Welcome Yichun!

Our manuscript describing array sensing methods for the detection of azo dyes, common pollutants in industrial wastewaters, was accepted for publication in ACS Sensors. The work was conducted by Michael Ihde in our group, in collaboration with Josh Tropp in the Azoulay research group from the School of Polymer Science and Engineering at the University of Southern Mississippi. The method relies on purpose-built emissive fluorene conjugated co-polymers. These materials were decorated with pendant arms that changed the position and intensity of the polymers' absorption bands, producing a family of highly fluorogenic materials whose fluorescence modulation by non-specific interactions with dye analytes through the inner-filter effect (IFE) led to the successful discrimination of 12 chemically similar azo dyes in water.

​Xiyuan, a graduate student in the group, successfully passed her oral candidacy exam at the end of May, presenting an update on her research since her initial review last year, and an original proposal. Xiyuan is now a Ph.D. candidate: congratulations!

​Flor successfully completed her initial research review (IRR) today, presenting the work she carried out on the analytical pattern-based detection of redox-active materials (e.g. antioxidants) in water. Congratulations Flor!

Our chemical fingerprinting method to discriminate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), persistent pollutants with significant health and environmental consequences, has been accepted for publication in Chemical Science. The method was developed by Nick White and Michael Ihde in our group, using polymers developed by Joshua Tropp and Dr. Jason Azoulay at the School of Polymers at the University of Southern Mississippi. Our method, based on detecting how PAHs affect the fluorescence of fluorene-based conjugated polymers through the inner-filter effect (IFE), was able to discriminate between 16 PAH compounds identified as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Yifei, and Xiyuan, graduate students in the group, are organizing a student-led symposium at the upcoming Fall ACS meeting in San Diego (August 2019). They are lining up some really interesting speakers, so plan to stop by if you are at the conference!